并聯(lián)運(yùn)行發(fā)電機(jī)組的調(diào)壓及無功功率分配

    發(fā)電廠母線電壓的調(diào)節(jié)和機(jī)組間無功功率的分配是密切相關(guān)的，這種調(diào)節(jié)和分配通常是由發(fā)電機(jī)的自動(dòng)勵(lì)磁調(diào)節(jié)器來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

    在穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行情況下，發(fā)電機(jī)端電壓U與該電機(jī)無功電流I _Q之間的關(guān)系U＝f(I_Q)稱為發(fā)電機(jī)的調(diào)節(jié)特性。它可以近似用一條直線代表，如圖一所示。

    圖一  發(fā)電機(jī)的調(diào)差特性

    為了定量地表示調(diào)節(jié)特性，采用了調(diào)差系數(shù)的概念，發(fā)電機(jī)空載電壓與滿載電壓之差對額定電壓之比稱作調(diào)差系數(shù)K。

上式中符號(hào)“一”表示無功負(fù)載增加電壓下降時(shí)的調(diào)差系數(shù)為正，反之為負(fù)。

    如果K≠0，稱作有差特性；K＝0稱作無差特性。

    當(dāng)發(fā)電廠中幾臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)并聯(lián)運(yùn)行時(shí)，母線電壓水平和無功功率在機(jī)組間的分配決定于各臺(tái)機(jī)組的自動(dòng)勵(lì)磁裝置的特性，即決定于各臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)的電壓調(diào)節(jié)特性。

    一、幾臺(tái)具有無差特性調(diào)壓器的機(jī)組不能并聯(lián)運(yùn)行

    假定有兩臺(tái)具有無差特性調(diào)壓器的發(fā)電機(jī)并聯(lián)在母線上，如圖二所示。U ₁表示第一臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)調(diào)壓器的電壓整定位，U_II表示第二臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)的電壓整定位，設(shè)U _II＞U _IO

    圖二  兩臺(tái)具有無差調(diào)節(jié)特性的機(jī)組并聯(lián)于母線

    現(xiàn)在假定母線上的電壓低于U₁和U_II，這時(shí)兩臺(tái)機(jī)的調(diào)壓器要增加自己發(fā)電機(jī)的勵(lì)磁電流，母線電壓便開始上升。當(dāng)電壓升到U ₁時(shí)，第一臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)的調(diào)壓器就不再增加勵(lì)磁了，但第二臺(tái)機(jī)的調(diào)壓器還繼續(xù)增加勵(lì)磁電流，因?yàn)槟妇€電壓決定于這兩臺(tái)機(jī)的勵(lì)磁，它將由于第二臺(tái)機(jī)調(diào)壓器的作用而繼續(xù)上升。當(dāng)母線電壓數(shù)值在U₁與U ₁₁之間時(shí)，第一臺(tái)機(jī)的調(diào)壓器就開始減少勵(lì)磁電流，而第二臺(tái)機(jī)的調(diào)壓器仍繼續(xù)增加勵(lì)磁電流。最后，第一臺(tái)調(diào)壓器使第一臺(tái)機(jī)的勵(lì)磁電流達(dá)到最低值，而第二臺(tái)機(jī)則把母線電壓提高到U_II，這時(shí)，第二臺(tái)機(jī)將負(fù)擔(dān)發(fā)電廠全部無功負(fù)荷，而第一臺(tái)機(jī)不但卸去了它原來的無功負(fù)荷，而且可能吸取無功功率。顯然，這種方式是完全不能采用的。

    現(xiàn)在假定整定一下調(diào)壓器的整定元件，使圖二中的兩條電壓調(diào)節(jié)特性曲線重合，這時(shí)母線電壓等于兩個(gè)調(diào)壓器的共同整定值，但無功功率將在這兩臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)之間任意分配。無功功率在機(jī)組間的分配不確定是不允許的，因?yàn)樵谶@種情況下不可能穩(wěn)定并聯(lián)運(yùn)行。

    二、一臺(tái)具有無差特性的機(jī)組與一臺(tái)或幾臺(tái)具有有差特性的機(jī)組并聯(lián)運(yùn)行。

    假設(shè)第一臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)具有無差特性，其調(diào)節(jié)特性如圖三曲線I，第二臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)具有有差特性，其調(diào)節(jié)特性如圖三曲線II。

    圖三  一臺(tái)具有無差特性與一臺(tái)具有有差特性的機(jī)組并聯(lián)運(yùn)行

    這時(shí)母線電壓為U ₁并保持不變，第二臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)無功負(fù)荷電流為I_Q(11)是確定的，由于用戶所需要的全部無功功率是由這兩臺(tái)機(jī)共同負(fù)擔(dān)的，所以第一臺(tái)機(jī)負(fù)擔(dān)的無功電流也是確定的。

    三、幾臺(tái)具有有差調(diào)節(jié)特性的發(fā)電機(jī)并聯(lián)運(yùn)行在公共母線上。

    假設(shè)有兩臺(tái)具有有差特性的發(fā)電機(jī)并聯(lián)在母線上運(yùn)行，其有差調(diào)節(jié)特性分別為圖四中心曲線I和曲線II。這時(shí)，兩臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)分端電是相同的，等于母線電壓，例如U′，每臺(tái)電機(jī)負(fù)擔(dān)的無功功率是很確定的，例如分別I′_Q(I)和1′_Q(II)?，F(xiàn)在假設(shè)用戶需要的無功電流增加了，于是母線電壓下降，接著調(diào)壓器動(dòng)作，增加發(fā)電機(jī)的勵(lì)磁電流，最后母線電壓達(dá)到新的穩(wěn)態(tài)值U″，每臺(tái)機(jī)負(fù)擔(dān)的無功電流增加到新的定值I″_Q(I)和I″_Q(II)。

    如果在運(yùn)行中需要改變一臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)的無功負(fù)荷，只須運(yùn)行人員調(diào)整一下調(diào)壓器的整定元件，使調(diào)節(jié)特性曲線上移或下移即可。如果要求不改變無功負(fù)荷的分配比例，只改變發(fā)電廠母線電壓；那就需要以同一程度移上或移下所有并聯(lián)運(yùn)行的發(fā)電機(jī)的調(diào)節(jié)特性曲線。

    下面討論發(fā)電機(jī)無功電流的改變量和電壓偏差以及調(diào)差系數(shù)的關(guān)系。

    公式(6)可以改寫成如下的形式

     由公式(7)可以清楚地看出，發(fā)電機(jī)無功電流的改變量與電壓偏差成正比，與調(diào)差系數(shù)成反比。因此，調(diào)差系數(shù)較小的發(fā)電機(jī)將要多分擔(dān)無功電流的增量。通常要求無功電流的

增量在機(jī)組間的分配與發(fā)電機(jī)額定容量成正比，即希望各臺(tái)機(jī)組無功電流增量的標(biāo)么值ΔI_Q*接近相等。而此值等于一ΔU*／K，由于各臺(tái)機(jī)組并聯(lián)運(yùn)行于母線，故ΔU*是相同，因此這就要求各臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)的調(diào)壓器具有接近相等的調(diào)差系數(shù)。

    由上述可見，幾臺(tái)具有有差特性的發(fā)電機(jī)可以并聯(lián)運(yùn)行在公共母線上，機(jī)組間無功負(fù)荷的分配比例是確定的，并且是可以調(diào)節(jié)的。

    四、兩臺(tái)具有無差特性的發(fā)電機(jī)組經(jīng)過一定的阻抗并聯(lián)運(yùn)行

    但是，兩臺(tái)具有無差特性的發(fā)電機(jī)組如經(jīng)過一定的阻抗再行并聯(lián)，例如發(fā)電機(jī)經(jīng)升壓變壓器在高壓母線上并列，則是允許的。因?yàn)檫@時(shí)雖然發(fā)電機(jī)的調(diào)節(jié)特性是無羞的，但由于變壓器本身有一個(gè)隨負(fù)載電流變化的阻抗壓降，所以在高壓母線上的綜合結(jié)果使其具有了有差調(diào)節(jié)特性，因此，允許并聯(lián)運(yùn)行。

Parallel operation of generator voltage and reactive power allocation

Power plant bus voltage regulation and unit of reactive power distribution is closely related to, the regulation and the distribution is usually composed of generator automatic voltage regulator to achieve.

In a stable operation condition, generator terminal voltage and reactive current of the motor is U I Q the relationship between U = f ( IQ ) called generator regulation characteristic. It can be approximated by a linear representation, as shown in fig..

Map generator voltage adjustment characteristic

In order to quantitatively express the regulation characteristic, adopts the difference coefficient concept, generator no-load voltage and full load voltage difference of rated voltage ratio called the difference coefficient K.

On the symbol" a" said reactive load increased voltage is decreased when the difference coefficient is positive, but negative.

If K ≠ 0, called differential characteristic; K = 0is called no differential characteristics.

When a power plant in a few generator running in parallel, the bus voltage and reactive power in the unit of allocation decisions in various units of automatic excitation device characteristics, which is determined by the generator voltage regulation characteristic.

A few stations, has no differential characteristics of pressure regulator unit is not operating in parallel

It is assumed that there are two stations with no differential characteristics of voltage regulator of the generator in parallel bus, as shown in figure two. U 1the first generator voltage regulator voltage adjusting positioning, said UII second generator voltage adjusting positioning, let U II > U IO

Figure two two has no control characteristic set parallel to the busbar

Now suppose that on the busbar voltage is lower than U1and UII, then the two machine regulator to increase the excitation current of the generator, the bus voltage begins to rise. When the voltage up to U 1, the first generator regulator will no longer increase excitation, but second machines in the regulator also continues to increase in the excitation current, because the bus voltage depends on the two machine excitation, it will be due to second machine regulator role and continue to rise. When the bus voltage values in U1and U between 11, the first machine regulator began to reduce the excitation current, and second machines in the pressure regulator is still increasing excitation current. Finally, the first pressure regulator so that the first machine excitation current reaches a minimum value, and the second is the bus voltage up to UII, then, second machines will burden all reactive load of power plant, and the first machine not only to its original reactive load, but also can absorb reactive power power. Obviously, this way is not used.

Now suppose that setting a lower pressure setting device, so that the second picture of the two voltage regulation characteristic curve coincidence, when the bus voltage is equal to the two voltage regulator of the common setting value, but the reactive power in the two generators which between arbitrary distribution. Reactive power in power distribution between the uncertainty is not allowed, because in this case cannot be stabilized in parallel operation.

In two, one has no difference characteristics of units and one or several has the difference characteristic of units operating in parallel.

Assuming the first generator has no difference characteristics, its regulation characteristics such as figure three curve I, second generators with a differential characteristics, its regulation characteristics such as figure three curve II.

Figure three one has no difference characteristics and a differential characteristics of the units operating in parallel

When the bus voltage to U 1and remained unchanged, second generators reactive load current of IQ (11) is determined, because the user needs all the reactive power is provided by the two machine joint burden, so the first machine burden of reactive current is determined by the.

In three, a few have difference regulating characteristics of generators operating in parallel in a public bus.

Hypothesis two has a characteristic of generator parallel operation in the bus, its differential regulation characteristics are figure four center curve and curve of I II. Then, two generators of end electric is the same, equal to the bus voltage, such as U′, each motor load reactive power is determined, for example, I′ Q ( I ) and 1′ Q ( II ). Now suppose that the user needs and reactive current is increased, so the bus voltage drop, then the regulator movement, increasing the excitation current of the generator, the last bus voltage to a new steady state value U ", each machine burden of reactive current increases to the new value of I" Q ( I ) and Q ( I ″II ).

If the operation of the need for change a generator reactive load, as long as the operator to adjust a downward pressure setting device, so that the regulation characteristic curve to move up or down. If the request is not change of reactive load distribution ratio, only change the power plant bus voltage; it needs to the same extent moved upwards or downwards all parallel operation of generator regulation characteristic curve.

The following discussion on generator reactive current changes and voltage deviation and difference coefficient relationship.

Equation (6) can be rewritten into the following form

By the formula (7) can be seen clearly, generator reactive power and the change of the current and voltage proportional to deviation, and difference coefficient is inversely proportional. Therefore, difference coefficient smaller generators will be more sharing of reactive current increment. Usually require reactive current

Increment in the unit of allocation and generator rated capacity is proportional to, that is hope that all units of reactive current increment of preunit valueΔ IQ* nearly equal. This value is equal to aΔ U* / K, due to various units operating in parallel on the bus, so theΔ U* is the same, so it requires the generator voltage regulator with approximately equal difference coefficient.

Visible from above, a few have difference characteristics of the generator can be parallel operation in public bus, unit of reactive load distribution ratio is determined, and is adjustable.

Four, two have no difference characteristics of generator after a certain amount of impedance in parallel operation

However, two has no difference characteristics of generating units such as the impedance and parallel, for example generators by the step-up transformer in high voltage bus in parallel, is permitted. Because although generator regulation characteristic is no shame, but because the transformer itself has a load current changes in the impedance drop, so in the high voltage bus on the integrated results which has a control characteristic, thus, allowing parallel running.